Addition

Jax (5 years, 2 months) was adding grapes.

By using dots (an iconic form), reinforced by

the numerals '6' and '4' implies numerals or 

quantities. This can be read as "6 and 4 = ten",

Jax having written the initial 't' of ten.  

• Taxonomy: children's own methods,

         symbolic operations with small numbers

• Addition

Peter (5 years, 9 months) (also adding

grapes) has used his own abbreviated

calculation, which, provided he reads it

to us, can be understood as "4 - 3 = 1".

• Taxonomy: children's own methods, symbolic operations with small numbers    
• Subtraction

More grapes: dots and numerals

Mary (5 years, 4 months) used a combination

of iconic and symbolic responses, with the

minus and equals signs implied, denoting "6,

minus / subtract 3 equals 3".

• Taxonomy: children's own methods, 

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​         symbolic operations with small numbers  

• Subtraction